On the flow behaviour of confined finite-length wavy cylinders

Confined aspect-ratio of 6 wavy cylinders with a mean blockage-ratio of 0.5 were studied using time-resolved particle-image velocimetry at a sub-critical Reynolds number of 2700. Wavelengths and wave amplitudes of 2–4 and 0.1–0.3 mean diameters respectively were investigated. Results show that vortices are generally shed from the wavy cylinder and channel walls regularly, reminiscent of the unsteady symmetric flow configuration in confined non-wavy cylinders. Furthermore, vortex formation lengths for confined wavy cylinders are generally shorter than their unconfined counterparts, though their variations with respect to geometrical changes remain consistent with unconfined flow conditions. Gross cross-stream flow behaviour does not differ significantly between confined and unconfined wavy cylinders, indicating that finite-length effects are independent of the present confinement. Confined wavy cylinder wake regions are more sensitive towards geometrical changes and a combination of small wavelength and large wave amplitude leads to significant suppression of coherent cylinder and wall vortex-shedding. This is supported by phase-averaged flow reconstructions derived from Proper Orthogonal Decomposition analysis. Lastly, larger wave amplitudes lead to redistributions of dominant flow energy further downstream and to higher mode numbers, which suggests a causal link to the formation of stronger and more coherent streamwise vortices.     

Estimation of particle dynamics in 2-D fluidized beds using particle tracking velocimetry

The experimental characterization of particle dynamics in fluidized beds is of great importance in fostering an understanding of solid phase motion and its effect on particle properties in granulation processes. Commonly used techniques such as particle image velocimetry rely on the cross-correlation of illumination intensity and averaging procedures. It is not possible to obtain single particle velocities with such techniques. Moreover, the estimated velocities may not accurately represent the local particle velocities in regions with high velocity gradients. Consequently, there is a need for devices and methods that are capable of acquiring individual particle velocities. This paper describes how particle tracking velocimetry can be adapted to dense particulate flows. The approach presented in this paper couples high-speed imaging with an innovative segmentation algorithm for particle detection, and employs the Voronoi method to solve the assignment problem usually encountered in densely seeded flows. Lagrangian particle tracks are obtained as primary information, and these serve as the basis for calculating sophisticated quantities such as the solid-phase flow field, granular temperature, and solid volume fraction. We show that the consistency of individual trajectories is sufficient to recognize collision events.     

聚变堆高热流部件超汽化换热实验研究

搭建了常压水超汽化实验回路(HVL-Ⅰ),采用平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)、高速摄影、微距摄影、粒子成像测速(PIV)等先进测量技术,开展聚变堆面对等离子体部件(第一壁、偏滤器)在高热流过冷沸腾工况下强化换热特性实验研究。选择三角形和矩形翅片的铬锆铜超汽化样件,实验工况为常压室温(296K),若丹明B 水溶液流速 0.3～0.5m•s⁻¹ 连续可调,热流密度～5MW•m⁻²。实验结果表明同等工况下,矩形翅片比三角形翅片换热效果显著增强,性能提升约30%～50%。微距摄影显示翅根涡流形态保持时间越短,越有利于小汽泡充分扩散,从而使换热得到强化。     

Study on local topology model of low/high streak structures in wall-bounded turbulence by tomographic time-resolved particle image velocimetry

The relationship between the bursting event and the low/high-speed streak in the logarithmic law (log-law) region of a turbulent boundary layer is investigated. A tomographic time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TRPIV) system is used to measure the instantaneous three-dimensional-three-component (3D-3C) velocity field. The momentum thickness based Reynolds number is about 2 460. The topological information in the log-law region is obtained experimentally. It is found that the existence of the quadrupole topological structure implies a three-pair hairpin-like vortex packet, which is in connection with the low/high-speed streak. An idealized 3D topological model is then proposed to characterize the observed hairpin vortex packet and low/high-speed streak.     

A study on coherent structures and drag-reduction in the wall turbulence with polymer additives by TRPIV

An experimental measurement was performed using time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TRPIV) to investigate the spatial topological character of coherent structures in wall-bounded turbulence of polymer additive solution. The fully developed near-wall turbulent flow fields with and without polymer additives at the same Reynolds number were measured by TRPIV in a water channel. The comparisons of turbulent statistics confirm that due to viscoelastic structure of long-chain polymers, the wall-normal velocity fluctuation and Reynolds shear stress in the near-wall region are suppressed significantly. Furthermore, it is noted that such a behavior of polymers is closely related to the decease of the motion of the second and forth quadrants, i.e., the ejection and sweep events, in the near-wall region. The spatial topological mode of coherent structures during bursts has been extracted by the new mu-level criteria based on locally averaged velocity structure function. Although the general shapes of coherent structures are unchanged by polymer additives, the fluctuating velocity, velocity gradient, velocity strain rate and vorticity of coherent structures during burst events are suppressed in the polymer additive solution compared with that in water. The results show that due to the polymer additives the occurrence and intensity of coherent structures are suppressed, leading to drag reduction.     

风吹雪廓线的风洞实验研究

利用颗粒图像测速仪对新雪形成的风吹雪进行风洞实验研究, 给出了不同高度处雪粒粒径分布函数以及平均粒径廓线、雪粒数通量廓线的分布规律. 发现当摩阻风速大于0.5 m/s 时单宽输雪率与摩阻风速满足指数函数的关系, 小于0.5 m/s 时两者满足幂函数的关系, 总体而言, 单宽输雪率与摩阻风速呈线性关系.     

Theoretical description of improving measurement accuracy for incoherence Mie Doppler wind lidar

For the nonlinearity of Fabry-Perot interferometer(FPI) transmission spectrum,the measurement uncertainty of incoherent Mie Doppler wind lidar based on it increases evidently with the increase of backscattering signal Doppler shift.A method of repeating the use of the approximate linear part of FPI transmission spectra for reducing the high uncertainty of a big Doppler shift is proposed.One of the ways of realizing this method is discussed in detail,in which the characteristics of FPI transmission spectrum changing with thickness and incident angle are utilized simultaneously.Under different atmosphere conditions,it has been proved theoretically that the range of measurement uncertainty drops to one-sixth while its minimum has no serious change.This method can be used not only to guide the new system design,but also as a new working way for the fabricated system.     

Structured mirror array for two-dimensional collimation of a chromium beam in atom lithography

Direct-write atom lithography,one of the potential nanofabrication techniques,is restricted by some difficulties in producing optical masks for the deposition of complex structures.In order to make further progress,a structured mirror array is developed to transversely collimate the chromium atomic beam in two dimensions.The best collimation is obtained when the laser red detunes by natural line-width of transition 7S3 → 7P40 of the chromium atom.The collimation ratio is 0.45 vertically(in x axis),and it is 0.55 horizontally(in y axis).The theoretical model is also simulated,and success of our structured mirror array is achieved.     

用拉格朗日相关结构研究圆盘启动过程的流体输运

利用粒子成像测速(PIV)技术,得到了圆盘启动涡环流场的速度分布和涡量分布.圆盘启动涡环流场的有限时间李雅普诺夫指数场(Finit-time Lyapunov exponents,FTLE)以及拉格朗日相关结构(Lagrangian coherent structures,LCS)被计算出来.基于圆盘启动涡环流场的有限时间李雅普诺夫指数场以及拉格朗日相关结构,通过跟踪流体质点,对圆盘启动涡环流场的输运情况进行了分析.在圆盘启动涡环形成过程中,流体发现被圆盘和相互排斥的拉格朗日相关结构分成三部分.剪切流窗口(vorticity-flux window)被发现,涡量流通过剪切流窗口进入涡核.涡环的非定常边界被确定,它由相互排斥的拉格朗日相关结构背风面、圆盘以及剪切流窗口组成.     

Inversionless gain enhancing due to Doppler broadening in a closed lambda-type system

An analysis is made of the effect of Doppler broadening on gain without inversion (GWI) from different aspects in a closed lambda-type three-level system with an incoherent pump. It is shown that, regardless of the driving field being on resonance or not, for the counter- or co-propagating of the probe and driving fields (PDF), GWI does not monotonically decrease or increase with increasing Doppler width. Except for the case of counter-propagating PDF with off-resonance driving field, at a suitable Doppler width one can obtain a gain maximum value much larger than that without Doppler broadening; especially in the situation of the resonant driving field, the co-propagating geometry leads to a larger GWI. In addition, for the counter-propagating geometry, when Doppler width is larger enough, GWI oscillation occurs, and the oscillation amplitude and region increase with increasing Doppler width. These conclusions are very different from that obtained in previous investigation (Lukin {\it et al}, {\it Laser Phys.} {\bf 6} 436 (1996)).